LiFePO4 batteries (lfp battery) are a type of rechargeable lithium-ion battery known for their high energy density, long cycle life, and safety characteristics. To understand LiFePO4 battery voltage, we need to consider a few key points:

1. Nominal Voltage: The nominal voltage of a LiFePO4 battery is typically 3.2 volts per cell. This means that a single cell, when fully charged, will have a voltage of around 3.2 volts.

2. Cell Configuration: LiFePO4 batteries can be configured in series and parallel to achieve the desired voltage and capacity. Connecting cells in series increases the voltage, while connecting them in parallel increases the overall capacity.

3. Voltage Range: The voltage of a LiFePO4 battery will vary depending on its state of charge (SoC). The typical voltage range for a LiFePO4 cell is approximately 2.8 volts to 3.65 volts. It's important to note that these values may vary slightly based on the manufacturer's specifications.

4. Charging Voltage: When charging a LiFePO4 battery, the charging voltage should not exceed the maximum voltage limit specified by the manufacturer, which is typically around 3.65 volts per cell. Charging above this limit can lead to reduced battery life or even damage.

5. Discharging Voltage: When using a LiFePO4 battery, it's essential to prevent the voltage from dropping below the minimum voltage limit specified by the manufacturer, which is usually around 2.8 volts per cell. Discharging below this limit can also damage the battery and reduce its lifespan.

6. Battery Packs: To achieve higher voltages and capacities, LiFePO4 cells are often combined into battery packs. For example, a 12V LiFePO4 battery pack might consist of four cells connected in series, with each cell having a nominal voltage of 3.2V, resulting in a total of 12.8V.

Remember that when working with lifepo4 battery, it's crucial to follow the manufacturer's guidelines for charging, discharging, and handling to ensure safety and maximize the battery's performance and longevity. If you're unsure about specific voltage values or configurations for a particular LiFePO4 battery, always consult the manufacturer's documentation or reach out to their support team for guidance.